Introduction

Even though Ubuntu is the newbie friendly and polished graphical distribution, there are still situations where a significant amount of time and mouse-clicking can be spared by typing a bit. I don't think this is a bad thing at all; no matter what you do, Linux has one of its real strengths in the Command Line!

What is it?

A Command Line is, in all simplicity, a user interface based on lines of commands. You can say that it is a textual direct serial processor. Most commonly, the user interacts directly with the computer by typing one line (although it can be more than one), which triggers actions from the computer based on the syntax of the current processor.BR Before everything gets too complicated, we can quite simply move on. The impatient can move right on to the Command Syntax section.

History

In the early days of computers, there was only the Command Line. The concept of a Graphical User Interface (GUI) after which most GUI are modeled was developed by engineers at Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center (PARC). A bit later, Apple paid a whole bunch of money to be allowed to "study" their GUI idea. And, after a while, Apple had their own GUI.

Not until 1986 did UNIX get its first GUI, developed by the MIT Project. They named it X. Linux, however, had to wait ten more years before XFree86 was released. XFree86 was, and is even today, a free adaptation of the original X server.

As mentioned earlier, the CLI (Command Line Interface) was the only way to communicate with computers before the GUI was invented. In 1969, Bell Telephone Laboratories released V1 of the UNIX Timeshare System. UNIX had a shell called sh, which was the only means of communicating with the computer, and it would stay that way for quite some time.

Later on, there came derivatives of UNIX: HP-UX, 1BSD, Solaris, OpenVMS, IRIX, SCO XENIX, etc. As time progressed, GNU/Linux emerged. However, the history of Linux itself is way off the scope of this HOWTO. Suffice to say that alternative CLI to sh emerged: zsh, ksh, bourne shell, etc.

POSIX

The Wikipedia defines POSIX as the following:

"POSIX is the collective name of a family of related standards specified by the IEEE to define the application program interface (API) for software designed to run on variants of the Unix OS. They are formally designated as IEEE 1003 and the international standard name is ISO/IEC 9945. The standards emerged from a project, begun circa 1985. The term POSIX was suggested by Richard Stallman in response to an IEEE request for a memorable name; before that the standards effort was called IEEE-IX. POSIX is a near acronym for Portable Operating System Interface, with the X signifying the Unix heritage of the API."

This sounds fancy and all, but to stay rather concise, POSIX is the underlying standard and functionality of how your CLI responds.

Advantages of using the command line

So this all sounds very dull and boring, not to mention hard.BR Well, it isn't, really. It's quite easy once you understand the basics.

Some advantage of using the command line are:

• save you time.
• can help when you are unable to use the GUI, such as a system crash or a configuration issue.
• enable you to use Linux in ways that using a GUI exclusively can not.

For example, you have been called by the systems administrator that you have used too much space. You want to quickly work out where the most space is used, so using a graphical interface, start your timer - go. Now, go to a command line and type everything between the back ticks: du | sort -n (we will describe more later). See? It is faster to do some things on the command line (and other times, easier for graphical).

Prerequisites

This assumes that you are running any version of Ubuntu Linux and have a desire to learn its inner workings.BR

How to invoke it

For the purpose of this document, we will invoke the command line interface from the Desktop.BR

UbuntuBR Applications | Accessories | TerminalBR

KubuntuBR KDE Menu | System | Konsole Terminal ProgramBR

Xubuntu 6.10BR Applications | System | TerminalBR

Basic structure and concepts

The first thing that you should notice is something like:

dud@shadowplay:~ $
or
[dud@shadowplay ~]$

What you see here is called the prompt. It signifies that the computer is ready and awaiting user input. In my case, dud is the user that I'm logged in as. shadowplay is the computer's hostname, and ~ is the current directory (the user's home directory).

Concepts:

• A terminal is a "physical"(direct) interface to your Linux Operating System.
• A terminal emulator is what we'll be using here. This is a CLI wrapped within your running GUI. Any applications running in a terminal emulator will be killed if you close the terminal emulator.
• A shell is an interpreter for your terminal.
• A command is usually a small utility that the shell will execute for you.
• Output is what a command returns; most often this is returned on the terminal.
• Input is the arguments or data that any given command will take. Input will change the way a given command acts.
• A process is a running application on your computer. It can be active, sleeping, or in a number of other states.

Command Syntax

This section will try to give you a good rundown of the basic usage for the bash shell, which is the default user shell in Ubuntu.

Single Command

The command syntax will vary with each command. Here are some of the basics.

The simplest way to use some commands is to type just the command.BR

• command

Example:

dud@shadowplay:~ $ ls
file1.txt
file2.pdf
file3.mp3
file1.pdf
another_file.txt
Yet-Another_file.txt
file-with_other-NAME.TXT

The above example displays the content of the current directory, while other commands may require 1 or more arguments.

• command <argument>

Example:

dud@shadowplay:~ $ cat file1.txt
Roses are red.
Violets are blue,
and you have the bird-flu!

The above example show you the content of the file1.txt file, by adding the filename as the argument for the cat command. Almost all commands whether they have arguments or not, have options.

• command -option

Example:

dud@shadowplay:~ $ ls -r
file-with_other-NAME.TXT
Yet-Another_file.txt
another_file.txt
file1.pdf
file3.mp3
file2.pdf
file1.txt

Using the previous example of showing the current directory, we have added the -r option. As you can see the current directory has been displayed in the reverse order.

Multiple Commands

Sometimes the desired task may require the use of more then 1 command to be completed, here is the syntax for the use of multiple commands.

If you want to execute 2 commands consecutively then you would use the following syntax.

• command1 ; command2

Example:

dud@shadowplay:~ $grep red file1.txt ; grep blue file1.txt
Roses are red,
Violets are blue,

In the example above command1 and command2 are excuted however, if you need command1 to complete successfully before executing command2 then you would use the following syntax.

• command1 && command2

Example:

dud@shadowplay:~ $ grep red file1.txt && grep blue file1.txt
Roses are red,
Violets are blue,
dud@shadowplay:~ $ grep purple file1.txt && grep blue file1.txt
dud@shadowplay:~ $

The example above you will notice nothing happened when command 1 did not complete successfully. If you want command2 to execute only if command1 fails then you would use the following syntax.

• command1 || command2

Example:

dud@shadowplay:~ $ grep red file1.txt && grep blue file1.txt
Roses are red,
dud@shadowplay:~ $ grep purple file1.txt && grep blue file1.txt
Violets are blue,
dud@shadowplay:~ $

The example above you will notice command2 was only executed when command1 failed.

Wilcards

Their is a powerful feature when using arguments called wildcards, a single or multiple characters that can represent anything or a specific range of characters, the syntax for the wildcard are as follows.

• command *

Example:

dud@shadowplay:~ $ ls f*
file1.txt
file2.pdf
file3.mp3
file1.pdf
file-with_other-NAME.TXT

The example above gives a list of all files that start with the letter f, the next wildcard we will use allows you to match any single character, the syntax for this wildcard is as follows.

• command ?

Example:

dud@shadowplay:~ $ ls file?.pdf
file2.pdf

The example above give you an output of only 1 file that fits the pattern, finally this wildcard allows you to have a range of values, the syntax for this wildcard is as follows.

• command [abc...]

Example:

dud@shadowplay:~ $ ls file[0-9].*
file1.txt
file2.pdf
file3.mp3
file1.pdf

The above example, their were 2 wildcards used, the range wildcard followed by matching any stings wildcard. As you can see with the above examples just how powerful using wildcards are.

Control Flow

Commands read input from the keyboard (standard input or stdin) and write to output (standard out or stdout). There is also a special category for error messages called standard error (or stderr). These are automatically created by your shell when it runs you command.

We can redirect input and output to and from a command

Redirection

If you wanted the output of a command to goto a file instead of the terminal, then you would use the following syntax.

• command > filename

Example:

dud@shadowplay:~ $ ls > file4.txt
dud@shadowplay:~ $ cat file4.txt
file1.txt
file2.pdf
file3.mp3
file1.pdf
another_file.txt
Yet-Another_file.txt
file-with_other-NAME.TXT
file4.txt

The above example will create a file, if one is not found. NOTE: If their is a file that already exists, the above command will overwrite the contents of the file. If you want to add to the end of a existing file then you would use the following syntax.

• command >> filename

Example:

dud@shadowplay:~ $ ls >> file4.txt
dud@shadowplay:~ $ cat file4.txt
file1.txt
file2.pdf
file3.mp3
file1.pdf
another_file.txt
Yet-Another_file.txt
file-with_other-NAME.TXT
file4.txt
file1.txt
file2.pdf
file3.mp3
file1.pdf
another_file.txt
Yet-Another_file.txt
file-with_other-NAME.TXT
file4.txt

In the example you will notice the file was appened with the new information. Now we are going to do a different redirection, we are going to take the input from a file for the command to be executed, here is the syntax for this redirection.

• command < filename

Example:

dud@shadowplay:~ $ sort < file4.txt
another_file.txt
another_file.txt
file1.txt
file1.txt
file2.pdf
file2.pdf
file3.mp3
file3.mp3
file4.txt
file4.txt
file-with_other-NAME.TXT
file-with_other-NAME.TXT
Yet-Another_file.txt
Yet-Another_file.txt

As you can see from this example, we used the file4.txt as an input into the sort command.

Pipe

When you need the output from command 1 for the input into command 2, then you would use pipe character '|'. Here is the syntax for the pipe character.

• command | command

Example:

dud@shadowplay:~ $ ls | sort
another_file.txt
file1.pdf
file1.txt
file2.pdf
file3.mp3
file-with_other-NAME.TXT
Yet-Another_file.txt

The following example is using the output from the ls as the input into the sort command, you will notice the listed has been sorted.

As you can see the commandline is a easy and powerfull way of completing many tasks. If you want more information oe further information on using the commandline then look at the further reading section of this document.

Further reading

http://rute.2038bug.com/index.html.gz BR BasicCommands this link has a list of basic commandsBR AdvancedCommandHowto this link has some advnace commandline features such as scritptingBR