Introduction

• This FAQ is aimed at Linux novices.

• People always wonder how much swap they should create at install time, or after installing they may think, "have I made a large enough swap? Should I reinstall with a larger swap?"
• This FAQ will tell you how much swap you need and how to add more swap after installation.
• You will be given very simple answers (to prevent losing too much time reading this FAQ) and some explanations that may help you form your own opinion.

What is swap?

Swap space is the area on a hard disk. It is a part of your machine's Virtual Memory, which is a combination of accessible physical memory (RAM) and the swap space. Swap holds memory pages that are temporarily inactive. Swap space is used when your operating system decides that it needs physical memory for active processes and the amount of available (unused) physical memory is insufficient. When this happens, inactive pages from the physical memory are then moved into the swap space, freeing up that physical memory for other uses. Note that the access time for swap is slower, depending on the speed of the hard drive. Do not consider it to be a complete replacement for the physical memory. Swap space can be a dedicated swap partition (recommended), a swap file, or a combination of swap partitions and swap file(s).

Why do I need swap?

Memory consuming programs Sometimes, a large program (like LibreOffice, Neverwinter Nights, or a video editor) make the entire system need extra memory. A significant number of the pages used by these large programs during its startup may only be used for initialization and then never used again. The system can swap out those pages and free the memory for other programs or even for the disk cache. In these cases, swap will be used to help the system handle any extra load.

Hibernation (suspend-to-disk) The hibernation feature (suspend-to-disk) writes out the contents of RAM to the swap partition before turning off the machine. Therefore, your swap partition should be at least as big as your RAM size. Although the latest versions of Ubuntu don't support hibernation OOTB you may configure your system to allow Hibernation. In both alternatives (PM-UTILS or SYSTEMD) you may use a partition or a file.

Unforeseeable Circumstances Unforeseeable events can and will happen (a program going crazy, some action needing much more space than you thought, or any other unpredictable combination of events). In these cases, swap can give you an extra delay to figure out what happened, or to finish what you are working on.

Optimizing memory usage Since mechanical hard drives are considerably slower than RAM (SSD - Solid State Drive - storage is not as slow as physical drives, but still slower than RAM), when you need a file (be it a data file like a video, executables like Firefox, or libraries), the Linux kernel reads the file into RAM and keeps it there, so that the next time you need it, it is already in RAM and data access is much faster. The portions of RAM that accelerate disk read are called "cached memory." You will notice that they make a huge difference in terms of responsiveness. The Linux kernel automatically moves RAM reserved by programs--but not really used--into swap, so that it can serve the better purpose of extending cached memory.

Optimizing Swap performance Because swap space uses a disk device, this can cause performance issues in any system that uses swap space significantly because the system itself may also be using the same disk device at the same time that it is required for swap operations. One way to reduce this problem is to have swap space on a different physical drive so that the competition for that resource is either reduced or eliminated.

How much swap do I need?

For less than 1GB of physical memory (RAM), it's highly recommended that the swap space should, as a base minimum, be equal to the amount of RAM. Also, it's recommended that the swap space is maximum twice the amount of RAM depending upon the amount of hard disk space available for the system because of diminishing returns.

For more modern systems (>1GB), your swap space should be at a minimum be equal to your physical memory (RAM) size "if you use hibernation", otherwise you need a minimum of round(sqrt(RAM)) and a maximum of twice the amount of RAM. The only downside to having more swap space than you will actually use, is the disk space you will be reserving for it.

The "diminishing returns" means that if you need more swap space than twice your RAM size, you'd better add more RAM as Hard Disk Drive (HDD) access is about 10³ slower then RAM access, so something that would take 1 second, suddenly takes more then 15 minutes! And still more than a minute on a fast Solid State Drive (SSD)...

Example Scenarios

(last 3 columns denote swap space)

        RAM   No hibernation    With Hibernation  Maximum
      256MB            256MB               512MB    512MB 
      512MB            512MB              1024MB   1024MB
     1024MB           1024MB              2048MB   2048MB

        RAM   No hibernation    With Hibernation  Maximum
        1GB              1GB                 2GB      2GB
        2GB              1GB                 3GB      4GB
        3GB              2GB                 5GB      6GB
        4GB              2GB                 6GB      8GB
        5GB              2GB                 7GB     10GB
        6GB              2GB                 8GB     12GB
        8GB              3GB                11GB     16GB
       12GB              3GB                15GB     24GB
       16GB              4GB                20GB     32GB
       24GB              5GB                29GB     48GB
       32GB              6GB                38GB     64GB
       64GB              8GB                72GB    128GB
      128GB             11GB               139GB    256GB
      256GB             16GB               272GB    512GB
      512GB             23GB               535GB      1TB
        1TB             32GB              1056GB      2TB
        2TB             46GB              2094GB      4TB
        4TB             64GB              4160GB      8TB
        8TB             91GB              8283GB     16TB

How do I add more swap?

Swap is generally associated with a swap partition, perhaps because the user is prompted to create a swap partition at the time of installation. In fact, any file can be used as a swapping device, be it a partition or a conventional file. Swap can be added by increasing the size of the swap partition or by adding a swap file. Keep in mind that when creating a swap file that it may not necessarily be using contiguous disk blocks (as a swap partition will), and this could have a negative impact on performance as disk access times may be longer, and the more your system uses swap, the worse it will be. The Linux kernel also accesses swap disk block IO directly bypassing all caching, metadata and filesystem code, so a swap file should have no ill effect on the stability of your base filesystem. Since kernel 2.6.29 the swap system has automatically supported TRIM capable devices like SSDs.

The advantages of a swap file are many, but it is problematic for using the default swsusp hibernation method for powerless sleep. The best solution for maintaining hibernate capability after adding RAM is to increase the size of the swap partition.

How do I add or modify a swap partition?

Process to Increase Size of Swap Partition and use it for Hibernation

• Creating the swap partition
• Activating the swap partition
• Making the new swap partition work for hibernate (optional)

Creating the swap partition

1. Boot to Ubuntu install CD and choose the option to run Ubuntu now

2. Go to system -> GParted Partition Editor

3. Delete the swap partition and, if there is nothing else in it, the extended partition that holds it. (If by some miracle you're able to resize your swap partition from here, I imagine your life will be a lot easier than mine.)
4. Decrease the size of your primary partition by the amount you want your new swap to be (I made mine 2x RAM + 500MB just to be safe). The easiest way to do this is to fill in the amount of space you want swap to be in the "free space following" field
5. In the free space that has now been created, choose new, type linux-swap and you can name the partition "swap" if you like
6. Hit the *Apply* button (should be a check mark) to write the changes to disk
7. When done, reboot back into Ubuntu

Activating the swap partition

(If your swap is on your primary hard drive, you don't need to do anything here.) Now you need to find what partition your swap is on and what its UUID is. UUID?! you say? Well that's the Universally Unique IDentifier for the partition so you can reference it even if it's on a different mount point from boot-to-boot due to adding disks, etc.

1. Pull up a terminal and run gksu gparted & and enter your root password. The & lets this process run while still giving you access to the command line.

2. Right-click on your swap partition and choose *Information*. You should see the **Path** and **UUID** listed there. Keep this open for further reference.

3. Run gksu gedit /etc/fstab & and look for the line that has *swap* in it. It should be the third column, separated by spaces or tabs. You can either use the path or the UUID to tell Linux where to find your swap partition. I recommend UUID because it'll stay constant even if you move the partition around or the disk somehow becomes sdb instead of sda or something like that. Make the appropriate edits and save the file. Your line should look something like this if you used UUID (with your UUID instead, of course):

   • UUID=41e86209-3802-424b-9a9d-d7683142dab7 none swap sw 0 0

   • or this if you used path: /dev/sda2 none swap sw 0 0

4. Save the file.

5. Enable the new swap partition with this command.

   sudo swapon --all

   OR

   $ sudo swapon --all --verbose
   swapon on /dev/sda2
   swapon: /dev/sda2: found swap signature: version 1, page-size 4, same byte order
   swapon: /dev/sda2: pagesize=4096, swapsize=2147483648, devsize=2147483648

6. Confirm that the swap partition exists.

   $ cat /proc/swaps
   Filename                                Type            Size    Used    Priority
   /dev/sda2                               partition       2097148 0       -1

7. Reboot to make sure the new swap gets activated properly at startup

Making the swap partition work for hibernate (optional)

'INFO: This will not work for 12.04, resume from hibernate work differently in 12.04.'

1. Pull up a Terminal again and run cat /proc/swaps and hopefully you see the path to your swap partition listed there. If not chances are something went wrong in the steps above. Here's my output:

Filename                                Type            Size    Used    Priority
/dev/sda2                               partition       2676732 73380   -1

1. gksu gedit /etc/default/grub & to pull up the boot loader configuration

2. Look for the line GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="" and make sure it looks like this (using your UUID of course) GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="resume=UUID=41e86209-3802-424b-9a9d-d7683142dab7" and save the file

3. sudo update-grub and wait for it to finish

4. gksu gedit /etc/initramfs-tools/conf.d/resume & and make sure its contents are resume=UUID=41e86209-3802-424b-9a9d-d7683142dab7 (with your UUID of course in place of mine). Save the file!

5. sudo update-initramfs -u

6. Reboot!

Now you should be able to hibernate and resume!

How do I add a swap file?

Note: btrfs does not support swap files at the moment. See man swapon. and btrfs Faq

Create the Swap File:

We will create a 1 GiB file (/mnt/1GiB.swap) to use as swap:

sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/1GiB.swap bs=1024 count=1048576

We need to set the swap file permissions to 600 to prevent other users from being able to read potentially sensitive information from the swap file.

sudo chmod 600 /mnt/1GiB.swap

Format the file as swap:

sudo mkswap /mnt/1GiB.swap

Enable use of Swap File

sudo swapon /mnt/1GiB.swap

The additional swap is now available and verified with: cat /proc/swaps

Enable Swap File at Bootup

Add the swap file details to /etc/fstab so it will be available at bootup:

echo '/mnt/1GiB.swap swap swap defaults 0 0' | sudo tee -a /etc/fstab

Example of making a swap file

This is an example of making and using a swap file on a computer with no swap partition.

$ sudo fallocate -l 1g /mnt/1GiB.swap
$ sudo chmod 600 /mnt/1GiB.swap
$ sudo mkswap /mnt/1GiB.swap
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 1048576 kB
$ sudo swapon /mnt/1GiB.swap
$ cat /proc/swaps 
Filename                                Type            Size    Used    Priority
/home/swapfile                          file            1048576 1048576 -1
$ echo '/mnt/4GiB.swap swap swap defaults 0 0' | sudo tee -a /etc/fstab
$ reboot
$ free -h
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:            15G        9.3G        454M        4.0G        5.8G        1.9G
Swap:          1.0G        1.0G          0B

Disable and Remove a Swap File

Disable the swap file from the running system and the delete it:

sudo swapoff /mnt/1Gib.swap 
sudo rm /mnt/1Gib.swap

Remove the swap file details from fstab:

gksudo gedit /etc/fstab

Removing the swap file line

/mnt/1GiB.swap swap swap defaults 0 0

What is swappiness and how do I change it?

The swappiness parameter controls the tendency of the kernel to move processes out of physical memory and onto the swap disk. Because disks are much slower than RAM, this can lead to slower response times for system and applications if processes are too aggressively moved out of memory.

• swappiness can have a value of between 0 and 100
• swappiness=0 tells the kernel to avoid swapping processes out of physical memory for as long as possible
• swappiness=100 tells the kernel to aggressively swap processes out of physical memory and move them to swap cache

The default setting in Ubuntu is swappiness=60. Reducing the default value of swappiness will probably improve overall performance for a typical Ubuntu desktop installation. A value of swappiness=10 is recommended, but feel free to experiment. Note: Ubuntu server installations have different performance requirements to desktop systems, and the default value of 60 is likely more suitable.

To check the swappiness value

cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness

To change the swappiness value A temporary change (lost on reboot) with a swappiness value of 10 can be made with

sudo sysctl vm.swappiness=10

To make a change permanent, edit the configuration file with your favorite editor:

gksudo gedit /etc/sysctl.conf

Search for vm.swappiness and change its value as desired. If vm.swappiness does not exist, add it to the end of the file like so:

vm.swappiness=10

Save the file and reboot.

What is the priority of swap containers?

The Linux kernel assigns priorities to all swap containers. To see the priorities that the Linux Kernel assigns to all the swap containers use this command.

cat /proc/swaps

Priorities can be changed by using the swapon command or defined in /etc/fstab. Consult the manual page of swapon for more info

man swapon

Should I reinstall with more swap?

Definitely not. With the 2.6 kernel, "a swap file is just as fast as a swap partition." (Wikipedia:Paging, LKML).

Why is my swap not being used?

My swap is not being used! When I issue the free command, it shows something like this:

tom@tom:~$ free
             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:        515980     448664      67316          0      17872     246348
-/+ buffers/cache:     184444     331536
Swap:       674688          0     674688

Note: This regards mainly swap on hard disk partitions, but it could help anyway. In these examples /dev/hda8 is considered as swap.

Swap may not be needed

Start many memory consuming applications (e.g. Gimp, web browsers, LibreOffice etc) and then issue the free command again. Is swap being used now?

Ubuntu Desktop uses Swap to Hibernate (PC off, no power needed, program states saved). If Hibernation is important to you, have more swap space than ram + swap overflow.

Is there a swap partition at all?

Use this command to see all partitions

sudo parted --list

You should be able to see something like this in the output

 5      236GB   256GB   20.0GB  linux-swap(v1)

If not, you either need to create a swapfile or create a swap partition. To create a swap partition you can

• boot from your Ubuntu install CD, create a swap partition out of the free space on your hard disk and then interrupt your installation.

• use Cfdisk.

Enabling a swap partition

In case you do have a swap partition, there are several ways of enabling it.

• Use the following command

  cat /etc/fstab

• Ensure that there is a line link below. This enables swap on boot.

  /dev/sdb5       none            swap    sw              0       0

• Then disable all swap, recreate it, then re-enable it with the following commands.

  sudo swapoff -a
  sudo /sbin/mkswap /dev/sdb5
  sudo swapon -a

Empty Swap

Even if you have lots of RAM and even if you have a low swappiness value, it is possible that your computer swaps. This can hurt the multitasking performance of your desktop system.

You can use the following script to get the swap manually back into RAM:

• Place the script e.g. /usr/local/sbin:

  gksudo gedit /usr/local/sbin/swap2ram.sh

• Copy-paste the script into the file:

NOTE: The first "#!" is MoinMoin synxtax for comments, so we must double the line http://moinmo.in/HelpOnMoinWikiSyntax#Comments

• #!/bin/sh
  
  mem=$(LC_ALL=C free  | awk '/Mem:/ {print $4}')
  swap=$(LC_ALL=C free | awk '/Swap:/ {print $3}')
  
  if [ $mem -lt $swap ]; then
      echo "ERROR: not enough RAM to write swap back, nothing done" >&2
      exit 1
  fi
  
  swapoff -a &&
  swapon -a

• Save and close gedit
• Make the script executable:

  sudo chmod +x /usr/local/sbin/swap2ram.sh

• Execute:

  sudo /usr/local/sbin/swap2ram.sh

CategoryFaq